Ultrasonido renal en los primeros seis meses de vida / Renal ultrasound in the first six months of life

Introducción: Las malformaciones congénitas renales y de las vías urinarias, constituyen la causa más frecuente de la enfermedad renal crónica en niños menores de 5 años. La ultrasonografía renal, se contempla en la actualidad, en el estudio inicial ante la sospecha de enfermedad renal crónica secundaria a malformaciones congénitas renales y de vías urinarias. Objetivo: Identificar los hallazgos sonográficos sugestivos de anomalías renales en los primeros seis meses de vida. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en niños nacidos entre julio de 2014 y junio de 2015 en el municipio de Santa Clara, con ultrasonido renal prenatal normal. A los 672 niños estudiados, previo consentimiento informado, se les realizó ultrasonido renal en algún momento dentro de los seis primeros meses de vida, lo que permitió identificar a los niños con alteraciones sonográficas sugerentes de algún tipo de anomalías del desarrollo renal. Se continuaron los estudios, según protocolos establecidos, para definir el tipo de malformación congénita renal y de vías urinarias. Resultados: El 5,95 por ciento (40 pacientes) presentaron alguna alteración sonográfica. La hidronefrosis se identificó en el 27,50 por ciento. La ectopia renal y la asimetría renal estuvieron presentes en el 15,00 por ciento de los pacientes. El 10,00 por ciento presentó agenesia renal. El 22, 5 por ciento de los pacientes con hidronefrosis tenían reflujo vesicoureteral. Conclusiones: La hidronefrosis constituye una alteración sonográfica frecuente en pacientes con malformaciones congénitas renales, sobre todo del tipo de reflujo vesicoureteral. Dentro de las alteraciones de tamaño, posición y forma, la ectopia renal constituye la anomalía del desarrollo renal más frecuente(AU)

Introduction: Renal congenital and urinary tract´s malformations represent the most frequent cause of chronical kidney disease in children under five years old. The renal ultrasound it is nowadays included in the initial study while suspecting chronical kidney disease as a consequence of renal congenital and urinary tract´s malformations. Objective: To identify sonographic findings that suggest renal anomalies in the first six months of life. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study in children that were born from July, 2014 to June, 2015 in Santa Clara municipality having a normal prenatal renal ultrasound. The 672 children studied with previous informed consent had a renal ultrasound in the first six months of life which allowed to identify the children with sonographic alterations suggestive to any kind of renal development´s anomalies. The studies were conducted under the established protocols to define the kind of renal congenital and urinary tract´s malformation. Results: 5.5 percent (40 patients) presented any kind of sonographic alteration. Hydronephrosis was identified in 27.50 percent of the patients. Renal ectopy and renal asymmetry were present in the 15.00 percent of the patients. 10.00 percent presented renal agenesis. 22.5 percent of the patients with hydronephrosis had vesicoureteral reflux. Conclusions: Hydronephrosis represents a frequent sonographic alteration in patients with congenital renal malformations, mostly the vesicoureteral reflux type. Among the size, position and shape alterations, renal ectopy is the most frequent renal development´s anomaly(AU)

Whole body ultrasound in the operating room and intensive care unit / 대한마취과학회지

Whole body ultrasound can be used to improve the speed and accuracy of evaluation of an increasing number of organ systems in the critically ill. Cardiac and abdominal ultrasound can be used to identify the mechanisms and etiology of hemodynamic instability. In hypoxemia or hypercarbia, lung ultrasound can rapidly identify the etiology of the condition with an accuracy that is equivalent to that of computed tomography. For encephalopathy, ocular ultrasound and transcranial Doppler can identify elevated intracranial pressure and midline shift. Renal and bladder ultrasound can identify the mechanisms and etiology of renal failure. Ultrasound can also improve the accuracy and safety of percutaneous procedures and should be currently used routinely for central vein catheterization and percutaneous tracheostomy.

The Renal Ultrasound in Patients with Acute Kidney Injury.

Aims: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is seen in 15% of hospitalized patients and a renal ultrasound (RUS) is often ordered to exclude an obstructive cause in the initial evaluation of AKI. This study was done to evaluate the usefulness of a RUS in patients with AKI in a developing country. Methods: This was a retrospective study on all patients who were referred to nephrology with AKI and had a RUS, over a one-year period at a tertiary care teaching hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. The patients’ charts were reviewed for clinical characteristics and the RUS findings were documented. Results: A significant number of patients did not have documented risk factors for obstruction based on the medical history. Hydronephrosis was found in 22.5% (25 out of 111) of patients, and in 14 of these cases, the etiology of the acute kidney injury was found to be obstructive uropathy. The presence of nephrolithiasis and/or benign prostatic hypertrophy was associated with and increased likelihood of finding hydronephrosis on RUS. Conclusions: We thus recommend doing a renal ultrasound in all cases of AKI due to the fact that most of the time in a developing country, an accurate history is not available, and the prevalence of stone disease and obstructive uropathy is high.

Need for a nomogram of renal sizes in the Indian population–findings from a single centre sonographic study.

Background & objectives: Renal size is an important parameter used in the diagnosis and follow up of renal diseases. However, while making decisions, clinicians must be aware of the dependence of these dimensions on the ethnicity of the individual, independent of anthropometric indices. There is no established nomogram for renal sizes in the Indian population. The aim of this study was to assess the applicability of oft-quoted ranges of normal renal sizes in our population. Methods: Renal dimensions including length, width and parenchymal thickness were sonographically measured in 140 individuals with no renal disease. Analysis was done for differences due to age, gender and laterality. The correlation of renal dimensions with anthropometric parameters like weight, height, body mass index (BMI) and body surface area (BSA) was analyzed. Results: The means of length, width and parenchymal thickness of all 280 kidneys of 140 patients were 9.65 ± 0.63, 4.5 ± 0.42 and 2.04 ± 0.2 cm, respectively. There was a significant difference in parenchymal thickness between the right and left kidneys, while there was no significant right-left difference in length or width. Gender-wise analysis showed significant differences between male and female renal breadths but not length and parenchymal thickness. Age group-wise analysis showed significant decrease in renal length and parenchymal thickness beyond the seventh decade. There was a moderate positive correlation of bilateral renal length with body weight and BSA, and a weak positive correlation with body height and BMI. Interpretation & conclusions: Renal sizes in our population are in contrast to commonly quoted normal values in literature. Conclusions about renal sizes need to be made with reference to nomograms and should not be based upon data from other populations. We also present formulae whereby to derive renal sizes from anthropometric indices in our population.

Vesicoureteral Reflux and Urinary Tract Infection in Children with Congenital Hydronephrosis

PURPOSE: We checked voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) in patients with congenital hydronephrosis (CHN) and followed up the occurrence of urinary tract infection(UTI) in these patients. And we tried to figure out the relationship between CHN and VUR and UTI. METHODS: We performed a retrospective study in 122 CHN patients who received VCUG from 2002 to 2008 at Ajou University Hospital. We executed logistic regression, chi-square test and T-test using version 16.0 SPSS package for the statistical analysis. P<0.05 was regarded as significant. RESULTS: Most patients with CHN were male (73%) and there was a tendency of preferences for unilateral (77%) and left (84%) occurrence of hydronephrosis. The incidence of VUR was 18.9 % among 122 CHN patients and no laterality difference was found to the severity of VUR or hydronephrosis. The incidences of VUR and UTI was higher in group of higher grade (III-IV) CHN patients, when compared to the lower group, respectively. When VUR was present in CHN patients, the incidence of UTI during infancy was also higher. CONCLUSION: The incidence of VUR was higher in patients with higher grades of CHN. The incidence of UTI during infancy was higher when VUR was present in the CHN patients.

Factores predictores de conducta en la evaluación inicial de pacientes pediátricos con megauréter primario / Management predicting factors in the evaluation of pediatric patients with primary megaureter

El Megauréter Primario no Refluyente (MPNR) es una patología con alta resolución espontánea. El presente trabajo pretende estudiar como diferentes factores clínicos e imagenológicos objetivados en la evaluación inicial predicen aquellos pacientes que van a requerir conducta quirúrgica. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de pacientes con diagnóstico de MPNR diagnosticados entre el año 1995 y 2005. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y test de chi-cuadrado. Resultados: Se reclutaron 44 pacientes, incluyendo 8 casos bilaterales (52 megauréteres). El tiempo promedio de seguimiento fue de 23,2 +/- 20,1 meses. La edad mediana de diagnóstico fue de 7,5 meses (rango 1-155 meses), con un 77 por ciento de pacientes masculinos. Un 32 por ciento de los pacientes recibieron tratamiento quirúrgico. No hubo asociación entre la conducta y el género o la forma de presentación. Los pacientes con megauréter izquierdo tuvieron mayor tendencia a ser manejados quirúrgicamente (0,01< p< 0,05), mientras que los bilaterales resolvieron todos médicamente (0,05< p< 0,1). La presencia de ITU durante el seguimiento fue un fenómeno infrecuente (9 por ciento), teniendo una asociación intermedia con la necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico (0,01< p< 0,05). Una Función Renal Relativa Cintigráfica (FRR) inicial menor a 40 por ciento presentó un VPP=0,67 y un VPN=0,81 para predecir cirugía, con una probabilidad de asociación intermedia (0,01 < p < 0,05). Una Curva de Excreción Cintigráfica Obstructiva (CECO) inicial presentó un VVP=0,82 y un VPN=0,89 para predecircirugía, con una alta probabilidad de asociación (p < 0,01). Una Dilatación Pieloureteral Ecográfica Severa (DPUES) inicial presentó un VVP=0,67 y un VPN=0,89 para predecir cirugía, con una alta probabilidad de asociación (p < 0,01). Al presentarse estas condiciones en conjunto, se obtuvo una mejora importante de los VPP para predecir cirugía, con altas probabilidades de asociación...

Introduction: Primary non refluxing megaureter (PNM) has a high index of spontaneous resolution. The present study evaluates different clinical and imaging factors that may predict the need for surgical management. Material and methods: A retrospective analysis of PNM patients diagnosed between 1995 and 2005was performed. Data was described and analyzed with chi-square test. Results: A total of 44 patients, 8 bilateral cases (52 megaureters total), were analyzed. Mean follow up time was 23,2 +/- 20,1 months. Mean age was 7,5 months (range 1-155 months) with 77 percent of patients being male. A total of 32 percent patients underwent surgical treatment. There was no relation between medical conduct and form of presentation. Left megaureters were mostly treated surgically(0,01< p < 0,05) while bilateral ones were managed expectantly (0,05 < p < 0,1). Urinary infection during follow-up was infrequent (only 9 percent) having an intermediate association with surgical treatment (0,01< p < 0,05). Relative Renal Cintigram Function (RRCF) under 40 percent presented a PPV=0,67 and NPV=0,81 for surgery with and intermediate association probability (0,01< p< 0,05).Obstructive Renal Cintigram Curve (ORCC) presented a PPV=0,82 and a NPV=0,89 for surgery with a high association probability (p < 0,01). Initial Severe Pelvic Hydronefrosis (ISPH) presented PPV=0,67and NPV=0,89 for surgery with a high association probability (p < 0,01). All these conditions put together presented an increased in the PPV for predicting surgery with high association probabilities. Conclusions: Surgical management of PNM is infrequent. Gender and form of presentation were not significantly associated with management. Side and the presence of UTI during follow-up could be used to prognosticate the need for surgery. Prognostic value of RRCF, ORCC and ISPH is defined by their NPV. Renal ultrasound and cintigram are useful in predicting future therapeutic conduct.

The Decision of Voiding Cystourethrography in Children with Urinary Tract Infection

PURPOSE: We attempted to compare the independent factors such as age, sex, C-reactive protein(CRP), and white blood cell count(WBC) in children with radiologic studies and assess the necessity of performing voiding cystourethrography(VCUG). METHOD: 98 children who have been diagnosed their first time febrile urinary tract infection from Janurary 2002 to Januray 2005 were enrolled. In all patient, the duration of fever which occurred before and after treatment was recorded, and CRP, WBC, (99m)Tc-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid((99m)Tc-DMSA) renal scans, renal ultrasound and VCUG were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 98 children diagnosed with urinary tract infection(UTI), 52 were male and 46 were female. 18 had abnormalities in VCUG, 17 had abnormalities in kidney ultrasound, and 20 had partial defects or diffuse uptake decrease in (99m)Tc-DMSA renal scans. There were no significant relationship between incidence of radiologic abnormalities and age. The risk of renal scar was significantly higher in children who had a longer febrile period before treatment than in those with shorter period. Both CRP and WBC were significantly elevated in children with the radiological abnormalities. A positive of (99m)Tc-DMSA renal scans and renal ultrasound were highly associated with vesicoureteral reflux(VUR). CONCLUSION: If there are abnormalities in the kidney ultrasound and (99m)Tc-DMSA renal scan of a child with initial UTI, a VCUG is recommended. Even in cases without abnormal findings in (99m)Tc-DMSA renal scan and renal ultrasound, clinical data such as CRP and WBC should be assessed, and VCUG should be performed for the undetected VUR.

The outcome of renal ultrasound in the assessment of 159 consecutive patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia

We determined the value of renal ultrasonography in the assessment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasiaRenal ultrasound was performed in 159 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and results were correlated with other clinical parameters of the patients, 11 (7%) had dilatation of the renal patients, 13 (8%) had renal cysts and 2 (1%) had nephrolithiasis. Serum creatinine level as one of the clinical parameters appeared to correlate well with hydronephrosis. Together with the results of post-void residual measurements, this study showed that renal ultrasound is suggested only in patients with a specific serum creatinine level and/or significant post-void residual volume. (Author)